The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of statins associated with physical exercise (PE) in liver cells in dyslipidemic rats through cariometry. The animals were divided into six groups: animals subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), simvastatin, with (G1) and without (G2) physical exercise (PE); HD submitted (G3) or not (G4) to PE, and commercial food diet (F) with (G5) and without (G6) PE. Histological analysis of the liver was performed by staining the slides with hematoxylin and eosin. The cariometric study included measuring the major and minor diameters of the hepatocytes nuclei. The Shapiro-Wilk test was also performed. To determine the differences among the groups, the Kruskal-Wallis Test with Dunn's post-test were conducted. The significance level was set at 5%. No difference was found in the hepatocytes nuclei between G5 and G6. When these groups were related with G3 and G4, reduced nuclei were observed. There was no difference between G1 and G6. The comparison between G6 and G2 showed that the nuclei in G2 were smaller. No difference was detected between G5 and G1. Changes were observed in the nuclei shape in G2 in comparison to G1. Considering G2 and G3, a decrease in the size of nuclei was observed in G3. On the other hand, G2 showed changes in shape in the comparative analysis with G4. The size and shape of G1 nuclei were larger than G3 as well as changes in shape were observed when compared to G4. G4 showed smaller nuclei than G3. Therefore, F, associated or not with the practice of PE, does not alter the size and shape of the hepatocytes nuclei; HD combined with sedentarism influences changes in the morphometric parameters of hepatocytes; and the association of simvastatin and PE seems to protect the hepatocytes nuclei with regard to HD.

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade tem sido considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença periodontal e dos eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o risco às doenças cardiovasculares (DCVs) em pacientes obesos com e sem doença periodontal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo 100 pacientes, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo O - obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo OP - obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NO - não obeso sem periodontite crônica (n=25), Grupo NOP - não obeso com periodontite crônica (n=25). Foram avaliados dados demográficos e laboratoriais (colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - HDL e de baixa densidade - LDL, triglicérides e glicemia), dados antropométricos (índice de massa corporal - IMC; circunferência abdominal - CA; gordura corporal - GC), pressão arterial e parâmetros periodontais (sangramento à sondagem - SS, profundidade de sondagem - PS e nível de inserção clínico - NIC). O risco cardiovascular foi obtido baseado no escore de PROCAM. A correlação entre obesidade, doença periodontal e risco às DCVs foi verificado pelo teste de Spearman (α =0,05). RESULTADO: O grupo OP apresentou estatisticamente maior quantidade de sítios com PS > 7 mm (11,2±2,03) quando comparado aos outros grupos (p<0,05). Os níveis de triglicérides, colesterol total e LDL foram estatisticamente maiores no grupo OP. O risco às DCVs foi estatisticamente maior no grupo OP (28,1±3,3) quando comparado ao grupo O (16,5±3,5), grupo NOP (12,8±3,9) e grupo NO (7,7±0,9). A obesidade e a doença periodontal estão diretamente relacionadas com um aumento moderado do risco DCVs (r=0,53; p<0,0001 e r=0,62; p<0,0001, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a obesidade e a doença periodontal aumentam o risco à eventos cardiovasculares.

INTRODUCTION: Studies have shown that obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of periodontal disease and cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in obese patients with and without periodontal. MATERIAL AND METHOD: One hundred patients were divided into four groups: Group O - obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group OP - obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25); Group NO - non-obese without chronic periodontitis (n=25); and Group NOP - non-obese with chronic periodontitis (n=25). Demographic and laboratorial data (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein - HDL and low-density lipoprotein - LDL, triglycerides, and glucose); anthropometric measurements (body mass index - BMI; waist circumference - WC; body fat - BF); blood pressure; and periodontal parameters (bleeding on probing - BOP, periodontal probing depth - PPD, and the clinical attachment level - CAL) were evaluated. Cardiovascular risk was obtained according to the PROCAM's score. The correlation between obesity, periodontal disease and risk for CVD was verified by Spearman's test (α = 0.05). RESULT: The group OP showed a statistically higher rate of PPD > 7 mm (11.2 ± 2.03) when compared with other groups, as well as higher levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL (p<0.05). The risk for CVD was statistically higher in the group OP (28.1 ± 3.3) when compared with group O (16.5 ± 3.5), group NOP (12.8 ± 3.9), and group NO (7.7 ± 0.9). Obesity and periodontal disease are directly related to a moderate increase in CVD risk (r = 0.53, p <0.0001 and r = 0.62, p <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that obesity and periodontal disease increases the risk to cardiovascular events.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da ansiedade detectadas por meio de uma escala de ansiedade sobre os níveis de pressão arterial e a frequência cardíaca, durante o atendimento odontológico de pacientes das Clínicas de Odontologia do Centro Universitário de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Foram selecionados ao acaso 60 voluntários que receberam atendimento odontológico de urgência. Foi utilizada uma escala para avaliar o grau de ansiedade dos voluntários. Foi verificada também a pressão arterial e a frequência cardíaca dos pacientes em três períodos distintos: pré, trans e pós-anestesia odontológica. RESULTADOS: A ansiedade não foi afetada pelas faixas etárias, apenas pelo gênero. A ansiedade não deve ser uma barreira, entre profissional/paciente e, ainda, a ansiedade apresentada não é um sinal clínico levado em consideração para a aplicação de medidas de controle. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve alteração da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e da frequência cardíaca em relação ao grau de ansiedade e dor e ao tipo de solução anestésica empregada.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of anxiety on blood pressure and heart rate during dental care in patients of the Dentistry Clinic in Rio Preto University Center - UNIRP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A sample of 60 volunteers who sought for the dental screening service was selected. We used a scale to evaluate the volunteers' anxiety level. Blood pressure and heart rate of patients were also checked in different periods of the dental treatment. RESULTS: Most of the volunteers were women. The relation between anxiety and pain before treatment, revealed that 54 (90.0%) had no pain. The patients had low anxiety towards the use of different anesthetic solutions used during dental procedures. There was no statistically significant difference concerning to systolic blood pressure at first and, after application of anesthetic, given the degree of anxiety. Heart rate does not change as a function of anxiety. There is a slight change in heart rate after anesthesia, and it soon gets back to normal. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in behavior of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in relation to the anxiety level and pain, measured before, during and after the procedure. Heart rate did not change during dental treatment in the patient anxiety level.

The cyclamate, a sweetner substance derived from N-cyclo-hexyl-sulfamic acid, is largely utilized as a non-caloric artificial edulcorant in foods and beverages as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate karyometric and stereological alterations in the rat fetal pancreas resulting from the intraperitoneal administration of sodium cyclamate. The exocrine pancreas of ten fetuses of rats were evaluated, five treated and five controls chosen at random, in which five rats that received from the 10th to 14th days of pregnancy an intraperitoneal daily injection of sodium cyclamate at 60 mg/Kg of body weight during 5 days. At the 20th day of gestation, the animals were removed and weighed, as were their placentas; the length of the umbilical cords also were measured. After the laboratory processing, semi-seriated 6mm cuts stained with haematoxyline and eosine were performed. In seven karyometric parameters (major, minor, and medium diameters, volume, area, perimeter, and volume-area ratio), the increase was statistically significant in the treated group when compared with control group. Stereological parameters showed in the treated group a significant increase in the cellular volume and a significant reduction in the numerical cellular density. These results showed that the sodium cyclamate in pregnant rats led to retardation of fetal development and hypertrophy in the exocrine pancreas of the rat fetuses.

El ciclamato, es una substancia derivada del ácido N-ciclo-hexil-sulfámico, bastante usada como edulcorante no calórico en los alimentos y bebidas, así como en la industria farmacéutica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las alteraciones cariométricas y estereológicos en páncreas fetal de rata tras la administración intraperitoneal de ciclamato de sodio. El páncreas exocrino de diez de los fetos de rata fueron evaluados, cinco tratados y cinco controles seleccionados al azar, en el que cinco ratas recibieron del día 10 al día 14 de preñez una inyección intraperitoneal diaria de ciclamato de sodio a 60 mg/Kg de peso corporal durante 5 días. En el día 20 de gestación, los animales fueron retirados y pesados, al igual que sus placentas. Asimismo, se midió la longitud de los cordones umbilicales. Después del procesamiento de laboratorio, cortes semi-seriados de 6µm, se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina. En siete parámetros cariométricos (diámetros mayor, menor y medio, volumen, área, perímetro y relación área/volumen). El aumento fue estadísticamente significativo en el grupo tratado comparado con el grupo control. Los parámetros estereológicos mostraron en el grupo tratado un aumento significativo del volumen celular y una reducción significativa en la densidad numérica celular. Estos resultados mostraron que el uso del ciclamato de sodio en las ratas preñadas causa retardo en el desarrollo fetal e hipertrofia en el páncreas exocrino de los fetos de rata.

The present work studied the adverse effects of maternal exposure of rats to alcohol during lactation, on the development of their off spring. Histometric evaluation by karyometry and of the alveolar bone at the level of the first upper molar of the sucking was perfomed. Two groups of animáis, one coming from mothers exposed to drinking water containing 20% ethanol during the total lactation period and the other of controls coming from mothers receiving only alcohol-free drinking water during this period. On the 21 first day of lactation the young of each group were aleatorily selected and following anesthesia, their heads severed; after histological treatment, serial 6 μm sections on the frontal plañe at the molar level, stained with hematoxilin and eosin, were obtained. The experimental results produced, suggest that sucking from ethanol-treated mothers, show retarded post-natal growth, their alveolar bones presenting scarce, little calcified trabeculae, and a more abundant bone marrow compared to controls.

Considerando que la lactancia es un período importante y vulnerable, y que la exposición materna al alcohol durante esta fase puede provocar efectos adversos en las crías en desarrollo, el propósito del presente trabajo es evaluar histométricamente (mediante cariometría y estereología), el hueso alveolar a nivel del primer molar superior, de ratas lactantes sometidas a los efectos del etanol. Con esa finalidad utilizamos dos grupos, uno que recibió etanol al 20% en el bebedero, durante todo el período de lactancia (21días), y otro que recibió solo agua. En el 21° día de lactancia, 5 ratas de cada grupo fueron aleatoriamente seleccionadas. Después de sacrificados, los animales fueron fijados en formol al 10%. Las cabezas, separadas de los cuerpos, fueron incluidas en parafina, y cortadas seriadamente con 6 Lim de grosor, a partir de un plano frontal al nivel de los molares, y teñidas con hematoxilina y eosina. Basados en los resultados presentes, es posible concluir que el etanol al 20% en el agua de beber, administrado a ratas lactantes, provoca los siguientes efectos: reducción significativa del peso corporal, alteraciones de las trabéculas del hueso alveolar, observadas estereológicamente, evidenciadas por trabéculas delicadas y poco calcificadas, con médula abundante, núcleos menores en osteoblastos y osteocitos y más achatados en los primeros, y con osteocitos de volúmenes citoplasmático y celular menor y densidad numérica mayor.

The present work studied the adverse effects of maternal exposure of rats to alcohol during lactation, on the development of their offspring. Histometric evaluation by karyometry and of the palatine epithelium of the sucking was performed. Two groups of animals, one coming from mothers exposed to drinking water containing 20% ethanol during the total lactation period and the other of controls coming from mothers receiving only alcohol-free drinking water during this period. On the 21 first day of lactation the young of each group were aleatorily selected and following anesthesia, their heads severed; after histological treatment, serial 6 |J,m sections on the frontal plane at the molar level, stained with hematoxilin and eosin, were obtained. The experimental results produced, suggest that suckling from ethanol-treated mothers, show a significant decrease of body weight, significant alterations of karyometric and stereological measurements that determined hypotrophy of palatine epithelial cells and toxicity of ethanol at the palatine epithelium

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar en ratas los efectos adversos de la exposición materna al alcohol durante la lactancia, en el desarollo de sus crías. Fue evaluado histométricamente (cariometría y estereología) el epitelio palatino de las críass. Fueron utilizados dos grupos: uno tratado con etanol al 20% en agua de bebedero, durante toda la lactancia; y control, recibió solamente agua. En el día 21° de la lactancia, cinco crías de cada uno de los grupos, fueron seleccionadas al azar, anestasiadas las cabezas de ellas fueron separadas de los cuerpos. Después del tratamiento histológico, fueron obtenidos cortes seriados de 6 um del plano frontal, a nivel de los molares y coloreados con hematoxilina eosina. Los resultados sugieren que lactantes de las madres tratadas con etanol al 20% en el bebedero, presentaron disminución significativa del peso corporal, alteraciones importantes de las medidas cariométricas y estereológicas, que determinaron hipotrofia de las células epiteliales del paladar y toxicidad del etanol en el epitelio palatino

To evaluate the effects of sodium cyclamate on the rat placenta by its administration in the period of embryogenesis. The sodium cyclamate was administered by intraperitoneal route in rats of the treated group at the dose of 60 mg/Kg, from the tenth to fourteenth day of gestation, while the equivalent volume of saline solution was given to the control group, by the same route. On the twentieth day of pregnancy, 10 fetuses (5 from each group) were chosen at random for study. The technique of cariometry was utilized for evaluation of nuclear parameters of cells in deciduous and spongy layers, and of chorionic villi in the rat placenta. The weights of treated fetuses and their placentas were less than those of the control group, while umbilical-cord length in the treated group was shorter than that in control fetuses. There were no alterations in the deciduous layer. In the placental spongy layer were found alterations of the following parameters: major diameter, mean diameter, perimeter, area, volume, the volume/area ratio and eccentricity. The altered parameters in chorionic villi were the following: mean diameter, perimeter, area, volume and volume/area ratio. This study demonstrated placental alteration with the use of cyclamate by the pregnant rat, and its repercussion in fetal weight and umbilical-cord length

El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar los efectos del ciclamato de sodio en la placenta de ratas, administrado durante el periodo de la embriogénesis. Fue administrado por vía intraperitoneal, en las ratas del grupo tratado, ciclamato de sodio en una dosis de 60 mg/Kg, desde el 10 al 14 día de gestación, siendo inyectado un volumen equivalente de solución salina en el grupo de ratas control. En el 20 día de preñez, 10 fetos (5 de cada grupo) fueron escogidos al azar para su estudio. Fue utilizada la técnica de cariometría para la evaluación de los parámetros nucleares de las células de las capas decidua, esponjosa y de las vellosidades coriónicas de la placenta de las ratas. El peso de los fetos tratados y de sus placentas fue menor que el del grupo control, así como también el funículo umbilical del grupo tratado fue más corto que el de los fetos controles. No hubo alteraciones en la capa de la decidua. En la capa esponjosa placentaria ocurrieron alteraciones de los siguientes parámetros: diámetro mayor, diámetro medio, perímetro, área, volumen, relación volumen/área y excentricidad. Los parámetros alterados en las vellosidades coriónicas fueron: diámetro medio, perímetro, área, volumen y relación volumen/área. El estudio demostró alteración placentaria con el uso del ciclamato de sodio en la rata preñada y su repercusión en el peso fetal y largo del funículo umbilical

The cyclamate, a sweetner substance derived from N-cyclo-hexyl-sulfamic acid, is largely utilized as a non-caloric artificial edulcorant in foods and beverages as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate fetal hepatic karyometric and stereological alterations in the rat fetal liver resulting from the intraperitoneal administration of sodium cyclamate. The livers of ten rats were evaluated, five treated and five controls chosen at random, in which five rats that received from the 10th to 14th days of pregnancy an intraperitoneal daily injection of sodium cyclamate at 60 mg/Kg of body weight during 5 days. At the 20th day of gestation, the animals were removed and weighed, as were their placentas, on a precision balance; the length of the umbilical cords also were measured. After the laboratory processing, semi-seriated 6mm cuts stained with haematoxyline and eosine were performed. In seven karyometric parameters (major, minor, and medium diameters, volume, area, perimeter, and volume-area ratio), the increase was statistically significant in the treated group when compared with control group. Stereological parameters showed in the treated group a significant increase in the cytoplasmatic and cellular volume, and a significant reduction in the nucleus-cytoplasm ratio as well as in the numerical cellular density. These results showed that the sodium cyclamate in pregnant rats led to retardation of fetal development and hepatic-cellular hypertrophy in the offspring, suggesting toxicity in liver of rat fetuses

El ciclamato, es una substancia derivada del ácido N-ciclo-hexil-sulfámico, bastante usada como edulcorante no calórica en alimentos y bebidas, así como en la industria farmacéutica. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los efectos del ciclamato de sodio en hígados de fetos de ratas, considerándose las alteraciones cariométricas y estereológicas. Fueron utilizadas 10 ratas adultas (Rattus norvegicus) variedad Wistar, con peso medio de 240 g, siendo 5 el grupo control y 5 tratadas con ciclamato de sodio. Entre el 10 y 14 día de la preñez, 5 ratas recibieron una inyección diaria intraperitoneal de 60mg/Kg/día de ciclamato de sodio durante 5 días. En el 20 día, los animales fueron sacrificados y los fetos fijados en solución de Alfac, incluidos en parafina, cortados a 6 µm y teñidos com H-E. Hubo aumento estadísticamente significativo en siete parámetros cariométricos (diámetros mayor, menor y medio, volumen, área, perímetro y relación área/volumen) en el grupo tratado con ciclamato de sodio comparado con el grupo control. Parámetros estereológicos mostraron aumento significativo en los volúmenes citoplasmático y celular y disminución significativa en la relación núcleo/citoplasma y densidad numérica celular. Los resultados mostraron que el uso del ciclamato de sodio en las ratas preñadas causó retardo en el desarrollo fetal e hipertrofia celular hepática en los fetos, sugerente de toxicidad en el hígado fetal de las ratas

Laryngeal neoplasms represent 2% of all human cancers. They befall mainly the male sex, especially between 50 and 70 years of age, but exceptionally may occur in infancy or extreme old age. Their occurrence has increased considerably inclusively due to progressive population again. The present work aims at establishing a relation between this infirmity and its prognosis in patients submitted to the treatment recommended by Departament of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery of the School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto. To this effect, by means of karyometric optical microscopy, cell nuclei in the glottic region of 20 individuals, divided into groups according to their tumor stage and time of survival, were evaluated. Following comparation with a control group and statistical analsis, it became possible to verify that the lesser diameter of nuclei is of prognostic value for initial tumors in this region

Los neoplasmas laríngeos representan el 2% de todos los cánceres humanos. Ellos ocurren principalmente en el sexo masculino, especialmente entre los 50 y 70 años de edad, pero excepcionalmente pueden producirse en la infancia o en la ancianidad. Esta ocurrencia se ha incrementado considerablemente haciéndose progresiva en la población. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo establecer una relación entre esta enfermedad y su pronóstico, en pacientes sometidos al tratamiento recomendado por el Departamento de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello de la Escuela de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Brasil. Para estos efectos, fueron evaluados, por mediciones cariométricas de microscopía óptica, núcleos celulares, en la región glótica de 20 individuos, divididos en grupos de acuerdo al estado del tumor y tiempo de sobrevida. Se establecieron comparaciones con un grupo control y se efectuaron análisis estadísticos, verficándose que el menor diámetro de los núcleos es de valor pronóstico para tumores iniciales en esta región

O ciclamato é usado como adoçante artificial não calórico em diversos alimentos e bebidas, sendo 30 vezes mais doce que a sacarose sem o sabor amargo da sacarina. Aparece na composição dos produtos como ciclamato de sódio, ciclamato de cálcio e ácido ciclâmico. O ciclamato e a ciclohexilamina, seu principal metabólito, atravessam a barreira placentária em humanos e desse modo podem ser expostos ao feto. O rim de ratos pode ser afetado por elevadas doses de ciclamato de sódio. Estudos sobre efeitos do ciclamato de sódio na espécie humana são necessários, pois, além de poder substituir a sacarose - prejudicial em casos de diabetes ou quando o controle e a redução do peso corporal são essenciais para a saúde dos pacientes - não propicia desenvolvimento de cárie dentária.

Cyclamate is used as an artificial non-caloric sweetener in a variety of foods and beverages, being 30 times as sweet as sugar without the bitter after-taste of saccharin. It is present in the formula of products such as sodium and calcium cyclamates and cyclamic acid. Cyclamate and cyclohexylamine, its principal metabolite, can cross the human placenta exposing the fetus. It has been demonstrated in rats that the kidney may be adversely affected by high doses of cyclamate. Studies on the effects of sodium cyclamate in the human species are necessary, because in addition to replacing saccharose - harmful in individuals with diabetes or patients in whom weight reduction and control are essential for health - it does not cause dental caries.